Ethics and abortion

Introduction Ethical decision making in health and patient care revolves around making good choices, which will not harm the parties involved. However, ethical dilemmas may arise when more than one choice is available, and neither will result in wrong or right consequences.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics and abortion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The experiences, beliefs and values of the healthcare provider/ stakeholder will determine how one arrives upon a decision; abortion is one such situation. In weighing the options concerning whether to perform an abortion and how to care for the patient, a healthcare entity must consider the legal implications, the patient’s and provider’s beliefs as well as the health effects of that decision. Abortion is an ethical issue in the health profession because it touches on human rights. Opinions become divergent on this matter because stakeholders ha ve different ways of defining personhood (whether an entity is a person). It is generally agreed that taking away a human life is unethical. However, abortion debates centre on deciding whether the fetus is a human being or not. If a person deems the fetus as a person, then it possesses human rights that should be protected. Conversely, if the ethical decision maker thinks a fetus is not a person, then he or she might treat an abortion as an ethical decision. However, the mother’s autonomy and independence to make decisions about her own body must also be considered. Issues of quality of life also come into the picture because if an abortion endangers the life of a mother, then one must give primacy to the life of the mother over the unborn child. A mother’s interest could conflict with that of a fetus, and this will determine which path will be chosen. One should note that the United States provides safe abortion with only 0.07% requiring some form of hospitalization. Healthcare professionals must familiarize themselves with these arguments in order to know where their options lie. However, their decisions have legal implications. Prior to performing an abortion, a healthcare institution or provide must consider the legal implications of doing so. In the United States, federal states have different interpretations of abortion. However, all states generally agree that providers must not be forced to perform abortion or providers should not coerce women into having abortions. Since the topic is quite controversial, then most parties agree that restrictions on the same are reasonable. They also believe that medically necessary abortions have to take place. However it is the nature of these restrictions that they do not agree on. Some states restrict providers while others focus on women. When targeting providers, they focus on physicians, hospitals after certain periods of maturity, required reporting, and refusal clauses.Advertising Looking f or essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, in Nebraska, an institution cannot perform an abortion after a twenty-week gestation period because it causes pain to the child. Oklahoma laws allow medical practitioners to restrict information about a fetus with disability if they think it will cause the mother to have an abortion. In Utah, willful termination of a pregnancy is treated as manslaughter or murder. States may also target women by restricting funding, insurance coverage, waiting periods, accessing counseling information and requiring them to listen to the fetus’ heartbeat. In funding, seventeen states in the country fund abortion in Medicaid while others have been forced by state courts. Some states like South Dakota only pay for funding when a mother’s life is in danger. In North Carolina, women cannot get access to funding for Medicaid (Meckstroth 12). All the above informatio n is necessary in deciding whether an abortion will take place or not. If a medical practitioner gives precedence to his person beliefs without incorporating these laws, then he or should could be acting morally but illegally. However, healthcare professionals have the right to conscientious refusal to perform an abortion. This is the point whether their ethical values come into play. For instance, if a physician finds an anomaly in the fetus, the choice to refer an abortion or to refrain from telling the mother in states that allow it has ethical implications. It could be violating a mother’s right to information and privacy, but it could also be upholding the provider’s values of respect for all human life as well as the baby’s rights. In order to come up with the best decision, the provider should balance conscientious refusal with the patient’s interests. He should consider patient autonomy, informed consent, the patient’s health as well as doi ng the least harm. In the event that a practitioner decides to exercise conscientious refusal, it is incumbent upon the person to do a referral. However, even this choice has ethical implications because of the financial interests of the patients may contradict the referee’s interests. Choices have to be made based on the patient’s welfare (National Abortion Federation 3). Medical providers are required to refrain from coercing patient’s into abortions. Therefore, the patient must make the choice to have an abortion. However, if the patient is incompetent, then a surrogate should be selected. A provider must exercise due diligence in ensuring that the surrogate has no ill intentions. Failure to do so could result in an unethical decision. Health professionals have a series of conflicting interests that they must reconcile in abortion and patient care. These interests range from legal, moral, financial to health concerns. When deciding upon a decision involved in abortion, good practice dictates the use of morally neutral or morally good actions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics and abortion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The practitioner ought not to intend bad consequences while the good consequences should not be directly related to the bad one (violating fetus’ rights over the mother’s rights). Ethical decision makers need to balance between the bad and good consequences of the act. Works Cited Meckstroth, Karen. Political and ethical issues in abortion today. 2011. Web. https://www.ucsfcme.com/2011/slides/MDM11M05/16MeckstrothAbortion.pdf National Abortion Federation. Ethical standards of abortion care. 2011. Web. http://prochoice.org/pubs_research/publications/downloads/about_naf/NAF_Ethical%20_Principles.pdf This essay on Ethics and abortion was written and submitted by user Emersyn M. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Benedict Arnold

Benedict Arnold’s Other Story The story of Benedict Arnold's heroism on behalf of America, especially on Lake Champlain, is largely unknown, and it's the story we want to tell here. We'll leave those dark facts of his later defection and traitorous ways to historians. He gets plenty of bad press there...and deserves it too. As the American Revolution began, Arnold volunteered to lead 1000 men up through the woods of Maine to attack British Canada by surprise, through its back door, at Quebec City (Brody, pg. 126). This journey, which is still talked about in that part of the country, proved to be a disaster for the volunteers who marched off. Half starved, frozen, and making broth by boiling their own shoe leather and cartridge boxes, they stumbled out of the wilds 50 days later...with 40% of them dead (Brody, pg. 126-127). Many believed they would have all perished were it not for Arnold's courage and leadership in those woods. Valiant battles against overwhelming odds lay ahead through the winter in Canada, but the expedition failed. In June of 1776, Arnold, badly wounded he, led his ravaged men away from Montreal toward the North end of Lake Champlain (Randall, â€Å"Lake Champlain†). The British were hot on his trail. He was the last American to leave Canada, having seen to the task of burning anything of value behind. Waiting in the dark, and with one boat left to carry him to safety, he heard the British soldiers march to within musket range. An ardent horse lover, he spurred his steed to the water's edge, then shot it with a single bullet to the head, removed the saddle, and pushed off in his boat. After rowing, almost a hundred miles, his army finally found safety on July 7th near the Southern end of our lake...at Fort Amherst on Crown Point. They literally crawled into the battered fortification. A Council of War with the American officers stationed at the garrison was under way, and without so much as a bath, Arnold imm... Free Essays on Benedict Arnold Free Essays on Benedict Arnold Benedict Arnold’s Other Story The story of Benedict Arnold's heroism on behalf of America, especially on Lake Champlain, is largely unknown, and it's the story we want to tell here. We'll leave those dark facts of his later defection and traitorous ways to historians. He gets plenty of bad press there...and deserves it too. As the American Revolution began, Arnold volunteered to lead 1000 men up through the woods of Maine to attack British Canada by surprise, through its back door, at Quebec City (Brody, pg. 126). This journey, which is still talked about in that part of the country, proved to be a disaster for the volunteers who marched off. Half starved, frozen, and making broth by boiling their own shoe leather and cartridge boxes, they stumbled out of the wilds 50 days later...with 40% of them dead (Brody, pg. 126-127). Many believed they would have all perished were it not for Arnold's courage and leadership in those woods. Valiant battles against overwhelming odds lay ahead through the winter in Canada, but the expedition failed. In June of 1776, Arnold, badly wounded he, led his ravaged men away from Montreal toward the North end of Lake Champlain (Randall, â€Å"Lake Champlain†). The British were hot on his trail. He was the last American to leave Canada, having seen to the task of burning anything of value behind. Waiting in the dark, and with one boat left to carry him to safety, he heard the British soldiers march to within musket range. An ardent horse lover, he spurred his steed to the water's edge, then shot it with a single bullet to the head, removed the saddle, and pushed off in his boat. After rowing, almost a hundred miles, his army finally found safety on July 7th near the Southern end of our lake...at Fort Amherst on Crown Point. They literally crawled into the battered fortification. A Council of War with the American officers stationed at the garrison was under way, and without so much as a bath, Arnold imm...

Finance and Portfolio Management Assignment 4 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Finance and Portfolio Management 4 - Assignment Example 4. Acquisitions including Sun Microsystems, Siebel, I-Flex, PeopleSoft and others, may involve unanticipated costs, and integration issues that may disrupt existing operations. 5. Risks relating to foreign currency gains and losses and risks relating to compliance with international and US laws that may adversely affect international sales and operations. 6. Risks of reducing prices or losing customers due to intense competition and rapid technological evolution. Source: http://www.wikinvest.com/stock/Oracle_%28ORCL%29/Filing/10-Q/2011/F94876420 Company Performance and Financial Ratios Compared vs. Industry Average/ S&P 500 Growth Rate % Oracle Corp. Industry Average S&P 500 Sales (Qtr vs. year ago qtr) 36.90 23.80 12.10 Net Income (YTD vs. YTD) 13.50 5.60 `5.90 Net Income (Qtr vs. year ago qtr) 78.00 51.50 60.60 Sales (5-Year Annual Avg.) 17.85 14.05 7.98 Net Income (5-Year Annual Avg.) 16.28 11.74 8.03 Dividends (5-Year Annual Avg.) N/A 4.76 5.30 Price Ratios % Current P/E Ratio 21 .3 32.9 19.3 P/E Ratio 5-Year High NA 23.6 18.4 P/E Ratio 5-Year Low NA 8.4 2.6 Price/Sales Ratio 4.73 10.33 2.20 Price/Book Value 4.43 4.69 3.60 Price/Cash Flow Ratio 15.40 20.60 15.30 Financial Condition % Debt/Equity Ratio 0.40 0.30 1.18 Current Ratio 2.9 2.4 1.4 Quick Ratio 2.9 1.8 1.0 Interest Coverage 14.4 21.3 83.8 Leverage Ratio 1.8 1.9 3.8 Book Value/Share 7.24 8.16 25.45 Profit Margins % Gross Margin 75.3 74.9 39.0 Pre-Tax Margin 30.0 3.4 17.4 Net Profit Margin 22.4 22.3 12.8 5 Yr Gross Margins (5-Year Avg.) 78.1 76.1 38.8 5Yr Pre-tax Margin (5-Year Avg.) 33.1 26.2 15.6 5 Yr Net Profit Margins (5-Year Avg.) 23.7 17.9 11.1 Investment Returns % Return On Equity 23.7 27.0 23.4 Return On Assets 12.1 13.6 8.3 Return On Capital 15.3 19.5 10.9 Return On Equity (5-Year Avg.) 24.7 26.1 19.6 Return On Assets (5-Year Avg.) 12.5 14.0 7.7 Return On Capital (5-Year Avg.) 16.4 20.3 10.2 Management Efficiency Income/Employee 73,655 122,961 112,643 Revenue/Employee 328,520 495,504 990,090 Receivable Turnover 8.2 7.3 14.4 Inventory Turnover 28.7 58.6 11.8 Asset Turnover 0.5 0.6 0.8 Source: http://moneycentral.msn.com/investor/invsub/results/compare.asp?Page=TenYearSummary&symbol=ORCL Based on the table presented above Oracle Corporation’s Performance and Financial ratios is comparatively better or at par with industry average and with S&P 500. Gowth rate is higher than industry average. The price ratios and interest coverage is lower than industry average. There is a clear disparity in Oracle’s Investment Return Ratios and Management Efficiency Ratios particularly in income and revenue per employee. This low income/employee and revenue/employee ratios show that Oracle employees generally earn less than the industry average. In the long run this is crucial to Oracle’s operation as this relates to employee satisfaction and performance. It is also seen that no data is available on dividends paid as Oracle Corp have not consistently declared or paid d ividends in the past years. The company is geared towards reinvesting funds in acquisitions and tends to delay payment of dividends to stockholders. Reinvesting on its internal customers, the stockholders and the employees, is evidently low. Bonds Maturity Date Interest Price Yield % Oracle 5.75% 04/15/2018 5.75% 155.50 3.21 Oracle 144A 5.375% 07/15/2040 5.375% 101.90 5.25

Emotioonal intelligence Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Emotioonal intelligence - Assignment Example There is a great deal of education about social and emotional effectiveness but many other factors and traits of personality are better predictors of success; skills, dispositions, and tendencies. It is thought possible to increase emotional knowledge and improve social and emotional functioning and because of the popularity of the thought many have sought to do though it does not necessarily make a vast difference in one’s life and the other factors are still thought more important in the overall patterns of one’s life. Emotional knowledge needs much more research before it can conclusively be depended on to change or enhance one’s patterns of success or interpersonal effectiveness. Jack Mayer believes that you cannot teach emotional intelligence and that it must instead be developed. Defining intelligence can sometimes present a problem as there are many different ways in which it can be defines; ability, skills, potential and capability are just a few of the possible definitions that are usually synonymous with

Durable Medical Equipment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Durable Medical Equipment - Essay Example The Government, through this act, intentionally ignored the fact that most of the American citizens were already in use or covered by the Medicare, Medicaid and other private insurance covers. This would not lead to the upsurge or little increase in sales of the medical devices assumed by the state to enable the companies offset the added cost of nearly $30 billion that was expected to accrue in this industry as per Congressional Budget office foresight (Bayh par 1). The company’s bottom line is that, the tax cannot be passed to the buyer, as most of those devices are directly sold to public hospitals, physicians, and other health service providers through long-term contracts signed, which locked the prices. A 2.3% tax on the company’s sales is equal to almost a 15% on the normal tax on profits, and if this added to the mandatory 35% corporate tax, it totals to 50% as the eventual tax imposed on the industry. This severely affects these companies, as they have to pay th is excise tax whether they are making sales or not (Bayh par 2). Therefore, it would have been much simpler to peg the tax on profits rather than on sales revenue.Other players in the industry such as the medical software developing companies, which are small and numbering to hundreds, are the worst hit by this legislation. Their products, Apps, have a potential for revolution in raising the practice of medicine in the US and globally (Bayh par 2). The effect of this taxation is already manifesting itself; for instance.

Examining Victimology Definitions And Paradigms Criminology Essay

Examining Victimology Definitions And Paradigms Criminology Essay The increased incidences of criminal offences in nations is a global menace which has effect on those subjected to crime and the offenders who engage in crime actions. The act of crime is brought about by breaking the law enforced by the government of nations thus there is violation of rights entitled to individuals and disruptions of well being. Victimology is category within criminology with fields such as juvenile delinquency, drug abuse, assault, murder, rape, robbery and burglary. Any one can become a victim and some are more vulnerable to victimization than others. Victimology is field of study to find facts why people are victimized and criminology is a field of study to find why crime is committed. Both fields are characterized by social, economical and political factors. Victims are blamed by society to be careless and not being able to defend themselves. There is need to understand victimizations and being a victim in order to put the strategies and precautions of being vulnerable to being a victim. Therefore there is need of Victimology as a career field to form Programmes of assisting victims to cope with the situation. Victimology as scientific field of study which focuses on physical, emotional and financial factors that people suffers from hand of criminals and the events leading to victimization, thus victimology entails study of precursors, vulnerabilities, events, impacts, recoveries and response of people, cultures and organization related to victims. The process of victimization from one phase to another is stated below as individuals can be victims of different circumstances in day to day life. Victimization is associated with sufferings, sacrifices and deaths hence victims deserve to be made whole again by restoration of their dignity and self-esteem. Definitions According to Garkawe, S. (2000) Victims are those who experiences assault. Murder, rape, robbery and burglary, loss or hardship subjected to them. The case study from Jailed: A very damaged young man and Tragic past translates to stolen future. Defines victims a: The victimization suggested here shows that individuals become victim of several circumstances caused by themselves or the surroundings. The case explains; Matthew Stuart Pearce (28) became generally victimized by the natural catastrophes which were beyond his control during his childhood. General victimization is whereby a person has suffered physical, financial or emotional damages and had experiences of their property taken, occurrence of terrific events and natural calamities. He subjected himself to juvenile delinquency victimization by becoming own victim through abuse of drugs to evade the harsh circumstances he was going through and associating with people of no help to him. Another form of victimization is child abuse; characterized by sexual harassment, physical, emotional and psychological injury. This is further caused by neglect by parents, guardian and care takers. Matthew was abused by his the parent who adopt him. Victim trauma is a result of painful and physical experienced which has a long life effect on person life. The death of mother and siblings through murder exposed him to traumatic occurrences which had high risk in harming emotional stability. Concept of Conservative Victimology S. Garkawe (2000) Statement suggests that Restoration of Justice is a systematic formal legal response to crime victimization that emphasizes on healing the injuries that resulted from the crime that had effect on victims offended, offenders and communities. This process is a derived from the traditional form of justice dealing with criminals and victims which traditionally have generally perpetuated the conflict which resulted in the original crime. It is supported by law and advocates order, this encourages offenders responsibility, involving victims in system of justice thus cutting down the government expenses. This is limited to petty offences in which the proceedings from criminal court do not result to imprisonment. Conservative nature has great effect on criminal justice policy. Suggestions for change and interventions in criminal justice is in favour of crime victims which is dominated by law and order with objective of lowering criminal victimization by emphasizing lawful and orderly society. The failure to rehabilitate and reform the policies leads to decline of support of criminal support. These increase police power and resources; they also have great influence in favour of conservative governments. They invoke victims in order to bargain for more powers and resources though penal policy is dictated to protected the community. His statement also depicts that there is believe of an individual to take responsibility. Social factors are considered not important to criminals; offenders take all blame of crime acts. Individuals are perceived to take initiative in prevention, avoidance, resistance and recovery from victimization. This is important when crime rates are predicted to have fallen down. Traditionalists emphasizes on self- reliance concept by putting stress on victims and society oriented crime prevention measures, they believe criminal acts are beyond government powers hence it is responsibility of individuals, families, institutions and religions to reduce crime. Specific victim policies as suggested by law and order are limited to personal crimes of violence against property mainly by strangers resulting from assaults, murders, rape, robbery and burglary. These instill fear of crime and useful to law and order lawyers by playing with emotions of public. Victims are perceived to be virtuous while offenders are evil doers; the advocates take advantage by appealing to emotions of public. This is more so relevant to conservative supporters specifically the advocates of victims who understand the system well making the victims statement most effective thus empowering the victims by enhancing the prosecutions successful with strong penalties achieved by spending minimum cost of government resources. This is main goal of lawyers compared to more elaborate measures to better treatment of victims within criminal justice system. Other factors associated with conservations are government initiative of compensating victims, which is viewed with ambivale nces by advocates of law and order, many will not want government to get involved in funding but prefers settlement be done by offenders. Some conservative jurisdiction governments have significantly lowered the pay for victims compensation. Restitution order is part of conservation in favour of victims of part of offenders criminal sanction. Law enforcers are in agreement that should be encouraged to save governments cost for victims compensation to enhance that offenders are accountable. Victim support services are encouraged to enhance successful prosecution so long as government expenditures not involved. Mediation between Offenders and Victims this is a formal meeting between the offenders and victim in presence of mediator to dialogue in order to find solution of the offence. This is done with aim of reconciliation by creating a mutual acceptance plan to repair harms and damages that occurred during crime offences to eliminate conflicts between the parties involved in disagreements as stated by John P. J. Dussich. Concept of Critical and Radical in Victimology It is viewed differently from conservative victimology; it is an outcome of unequal social factors like unemployment, poverty, patriarch and racism causing crimes. The need for great resources to be devoted to law enforcers agencies and prisons are agents of social control. Some suggests to be terminated where as others want to be replaced with informal justice system and that society should take responsibility for crime as a whole but not individuals. It is asserted to be no division between victims and offenders, all groups of people in society are victims. Victim compensation expands social control by insistence that victims reported the matter to police reinforced by restricted eligibility. State sponsored victims programmes are agents of supporting social control with major guiding influence not being compassionate for victims, programmes are predicated on needs of prosecution. It is opposed that crime victims having formal rights in criminal justice system and concept of victim participation in proceeding includes the effects of victims statement. Involvement of victims in justice system aids government in conviction of defendants and advocates higher penalties increasing likelihood of incarceration hence increase of social control. Restitution order against offenders is often unrealistic and lengthens offenders involvement with criminal justice in case of serious crimes; it seems genuine alternative and paradigm shift away from existing retributive criminal justice system. The concept supports mediation as explained by S. Garkawe (2000). Thus the radical paradigm concludes that crime is seen as significant problem affecting people lives, reality in crime should be analyzed beyond immediate appearance and crime control must be taken seriously. Circumstances of offenders and victims should be put into considerations when making decisions of criminal policies and the crime must be tackled by been keen with present situations in the society. Criminal justice system, prisons department and police force should not be terminated but reforms be made to put social control in place. Conclusion The laws should include services of victims, restitution from offenders, information about criminal justice system and right to formal participation of criminal justice process. The field of victimology should have professionals people with specialized training in dealing with criminal acts, offences, and victims well being to help victims to fully recover. Formal victim assistance programmes should be established by social workers, psychologists, psychiatrists, medical doctors to help in counseling the victims.

Hopelessness of the Irish in Nineteenth Century England Essay -- Europ

Hopelessness of the Irish in Nineteenth Century England Throughout my research into the subject of the Irish in England's industrial north during the early nineteenth century, one fact became quite clear; contemporary writers' treatment of the Irish was both minimal and negative. I consulted many sources, Friedrich Engels, Leon Faucher, James Kay-Shuttleworth to name but a few and the reoccurring theme as pertaining to the Irish in all these works was mainly consistent; the Irish were a lazy, vulgar people prone to drinking and brawling. It was not until 1841 that Great Britain's government made its first attempt to count the number of Irish migrants in the Census of 1841. Data compiled from the actual census and other parliamentary sources at the time illuminate the fact that in 1841 and in the preceding years of this century, most migrants from Ireland were of the seasonal type. Typically, they would plant their potatoes in their mostly minuscule plots of land in May, travel to Great Britain for the summer months to partake of seasonal harvesting work and return in time for their own harvest. During this same time there were Irish who settled in Great Britain on a more permanent basis but they were outnumbered by their fellow countrymen who were strictly seasonal migrants. This latter group seemed quite successful in finding work in the agricultural districts of the industrial north, those parts of the country surrounding Manchester, Liverpool and the other great towns. After the Irish potato famine of 1822, the in flux of Irish into England grew and a large majority of these were seasonal migrants. These Irish were in great demand in the agricultural districts of England and in Labour Migration in England 1800-1850, Ar... ...ion of the Working Class in England Oxford University Press,1993. Faucher, Leon. Manchester in 1844. Frank Cass and Company Limited,1969. Gaskell, Elizabeth. Mary Barton. Penguin Group 1970,1985. Gaskell, Peter. The Manufacturing Population of England: Its Moral, Social. and Physical Condition and the Changes which have Arisen from the Use of Steam Machinery, with an Examination of Infant Labour. Baldwin & Cradock, 1833. Harris, Ruth-Ann M. The Nearest Place That Wasn't Ireland. Iowa University Press,1994. Jackson, John Archer. The Irish in Britain. Richard Clay and Company,1963. Kay-Shuttleworth, James. The Moral and Physical Condition of the Working Classes Employed in the Cotton Manufacture of Manchester. Frank Cass and Company Limited, 2nd ed. 1970. Redford, Arthur. Labour Migration in England 1800-1850. Manchester,1926 reprint,1964.